the beast thread ever!

[Hiro]

56k warning WATCH OUT! [spoiler][youtube]http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SrRVb69kw70[/youtube][/spoiler]

"Uncool" redirects here. For the Bumblefoot album, see Uncool (album).

   Look up cool in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Something regarded as cool is an admired aesthetic of attitude, behavior, comportment, appearance and style, influenced by and a product of the Zeitgeist. Because of the varied and changing connotations of cool, as well its subjective nature, the word has no single meaning. It has associations of composure and self-control (cf. the OED definition) and often is used as an expression of admiration or approval. Although commonly regarded as slang, it is widely used among disparate social groups, and has endured in usage for generations.
Contents  [hide]
1 Overview
1.1 Cool as a behavioral characteristic
1.2 Cool as a state of being
1.3 Cool as aesthetic appeal
1.4 Cool as an epithet
2 Regions
2.1 Africa and the African diaspora
2.1.1 African Americans
2.1.1.1 Cool pose
2.2 East Asia
2.3 Europe
2.3.1 Aristocratic and artistic cool
2.3.2 European inter-war cool
2.3.3 Postwar cool
2.3.4 The Polish cool
3 Theories of cool
3.1 Cool as social distinction
3.2 Cool as an elusive essence
3.3 Cool as a marketing device
4 Cool defined
5 See also
6 Further reading
7 References
Overview



A timeline of cool, adapted from Dick Pountain and David Robins, Cool Rules: Anatomy of an Attitude
There is no single concept of cool. One of the essential characteristics of cool is its mutabilityâ€"what is considered cool changes over time and varies among cultures and generations.[1]
Nick Southgate writes that, although some notions of cool can be traced back to Aristotle, whose notion of cool is to be found in his ethical writings, most particularly the Nicomachean Ethics,[2] it is not confined to one particular ethnic group or gender.
Although there is no single concept of cool, its definitions fall into a few broad categories.
Cool as a behavioral characteristic
The sum and substance of cool is a self-conscious aplomb in overall behavior, which entails a set of specific behavioral characteristics that is firmly anchored in symbology, a set of discernible bodily movements, postures, facial expressions and voice modulations that are acquired and take on strategic social value within the peer context.[3]
Cool was once an attitude fostered by rebels and underdogs, such as slaves, prisoners, bikers and political dissidents, etc., for whom open rebellion invited punishment, so it hid defiance behind a wall of ironic detachment, distancing itself from the source of authority rather than directly confronting it.[4]
Cool as a state of being
Cool has been used to describe a general state of well-being, a transcendent, internal peace and serenity.[5] It can also refer to an absence of conflict, a state of harmony and balance as in, "The land is cool," or as in a "cool [spiritual] heart." Such meanings, according to Thompson, are African in origin. Cool is related in this sense to both social control and transcendental balance.[5]
Cool can similarly be used to describe composure and absence of excitement in a personâ€"especially in times of stressâ€"as expressed in the idiom to keep your cool.
In a related way, the word can be used to express agreement or assent, as in the phrase "I'm cool with that".
Cool as aesthetic appeal
Cool is also an attitude widely adopted by artists and intellectuals, who thereby aided its infiltration into popular culture. Sought by product marketing firms, idealized by teenagers, a shield against racial oppression or political persecution and source of constant cultural innovation, cool has become a global phenomenon that has spread to every corner of the earth.[2] According to Dick Pountain and David Robins, concepts of cool have existed for centuries in several cultures.[1]
Cool as an epithet
While slang terms are usually short-lived coinages and figures of speech, cool is an especially ubiquitous slang word, most notably among young people. As well as being understood throughout the English-speaking world, the word has even entered the vocabulary of several languages other than English.
In this sense, cool is used as a general positive epithet or interjection, which can have a range of related adjectival meanings.
Regions

Africa and the African diaspora


Yoruba bronze head sculpture from the city of Ife, Nigeria c. 12th century A.D
Author Robert Farris Thompson, professor of art history at Yale University, suggests that Itutu, which he translates as 'mystic coolness,'[6] is one of three pillars of a religious philosophy created in the 15th century[7] by Yoruba and Igbo civilizations of West Africa. Cool, or Itutu, contained meanings of conciliation and gentleness of character, of generosity and grace, and the ability to defuse fights and disputes. It also was associated with physical beauty. In Yoruba culture, Itutu is connected to water, because to the Yoruba the concept of coolness retained its physical connotation of temperature.[8] He cites a definition of cool from the Gola people of Liberia, who define it as the ability to be mentally calm or detached, in an other-worldly fashion, from one's circumstances, to be nonchalant in situations where emotionalism or eagerness would be natural and expected.[5] Joseph M. Murphy writes that "cool" is also closely associated with the deity Ã'sun of the Yoruba religion.[9]
Although Thompson acknowledges similarities between African and European cool in shared notions of self-control and imperturbability,[8] he finds the cultural value of cool in Africa which influenced the African diaspora to be different from that held by Europeans, who use the term primarily as the ability to remain calm under stress. According to Thompson, there is significant weight, meaning and spirituality attached to cool in traditional African cultures, something which, Thompson argues, is absent from the idea in a Western context.
"Control, stability, and composure under the African rubric of the cool seem to constitute elements of an all-embracing aesthetic attitude." African cool, writes Thompson, is "more complicated and more variously expressed than Western notions of sang-froid (literally, "cold blood"), cooling off, or even icy determination." (Thompson, African Arts)
The telling point is that the "mask" of coolness is worn not only in time of stress, but also of pleasure, in fields of expressive performance and the dance. Struck by the re-occurrence of this vital notion elsewhere in tropical Africa and in the Black Americas, I have come to term the attitude "an aesthetic of the cool" in the sense of a deeply and completely motivated, consciously artistic, interweaving of elements serious and pleasurable, of responsibility and play.[10]
African Americans
Ronald Perry writes that many words and expressions have passed from African American Vernacular English into Standard English slang including the contemporary meaning of the word "cool."[11] The definition, as something fashionable, is said to have been popularized in jazz circles by tenor saxophonist Lester Young.[12] This predominantly black jazz scene in the U.S. and among expatriate musicians in Paris helped popularize notions of cool in the U.S. in the 1940s, giving birth to "Bohemian", or beatnik, culture.[2] Shortly thereafter, a style of jazz called cool jazz appeared on the music scene, emphasizing a restrained, laid-back solo style.[13] Notions of cool as an expression of centeredness in a Taoist sense, equilibrium and self-possession, of an absence of conflict are commonly understood in both African and African American contexts well. Expressions such as, "Don't let it blow your cool," later, chill out, and the use of chill as a characterization of inner contentment or restful repose all have their origins in African American Vernacular English.[14]
When the air in the smoke-filled nightclubs of that era became unbreathable, windows and doors were opened to allow some "cool air" in from the outside to help clear away the suffocating air. By analogy, the slow and smooth jazz style that was typical for that late-night scene came to be called "cool".[15]
Marlene Kim Connor connects cool and the post-war African-American experience in her book What is Cool?: Understanding Black Manhood in America. Connor writes that cool is the silent and knowing rejection of racist oppression, a self-dignified expression of masculinity developed by black men denied mainstream expressions of manhood. She writes that mainstream perception of cool is narrow and distorted, with cool often perceived merely as style or arrogance, rather than a way to achieve respect.[16]
Designer Christian Lacroix has said that "...the history of cool in America is the history of African-American culture".[17]
Cool pose


Malcolm X "embodied essential elements of cool".[18]
'Cool', though an amorphous qualityâ€"more mystique than materialâ€"is a pervasive element in urban black male culture.[18] Majors and Billson address what they term "cool pose" in their study and argue that it helps Black men counter stress caused by social oppression, rejection and racism. They also contend that it furnishes the black male with a sense of control, strength, confidence and stability and helps him deal with the closed doors and negative messages of the "generalized other." They also believe that attaining black manhood is filled with pitfalls of discrimination, negative self-image, guilt, shame and fear.[19]
"Cool pose" may be a factor in discrimination in education contributing to the achievement gaps in test scores. In a 2004 study, researchers found that teachers perceived students with African American culture-related movement styles, referred to as the "cool pose," as lower in achievement, higher in aggression, and more likely to need special education services than students with standard movement styles, irrespective of race or other academic indicators.[20] The issue of stereotyping and discrimination with respect to "cool pose" raises complex questions of assimilation and accommodation of different cultural values. Jason W. Osborne identifies "cool pose" as one of the factors in black underachievement.[21] Robin D. G. Kelley criticizes calls for assimilation and sublimation of black culture, including "cool pose." He argues that media and academics have unfairly demonized these aspects of black culture while, at the same time, through their sustained fascination with blacks as exotic others, appropriated aspects of "cool pose" into the broader popular culture.[22]
George Elliott Clarke writes that Malcolm X, like Miles Davis, embodies essential elements of cool. As an icon, Malcolm X inspires a complex mixture of both fear and fascination in broader American culture, much like "cool pose" itself.[18]
East Asia
Main article: Cool Japan
In Japan, synonyms of "cool" could be iki and sui. These are traditional commoners' aesthetic ideals that developed in Edo. Some tend to immediately connect the aesthetics of Japan to samurai, but this is historically inaccurate. In fact, samurais from the countryside have often been the target of ridicule by the commoner in the civilized Edo in many art forms including rakugo, a form of comical story telling.
Some argue that the ethic of the Samurai caste in Japan, warrior castes in India and East Asia all resemble cool.[1] The samurai-themed works of film director Akira Kurosawa are among the most praised of the genre, influencing many filmmakers across the world with his techniques and storytelling. Notable works of his include The Seven Samurai, Yojimbo, and The Hidden Fortress. The latter was one of the primary inspirations for George Lucas's Star Wars, which also borrows a number of aspects from the samurai, for example the Jedi Knights of the series. Samurai have been presented as cool in many modern Japanese movies such as Samurai Fiction, Kagemusha,[23] and Yojimbo,[24] which was appropriated in American movies such as Ghost Dog[25] and The Last Samurai[26]
In The Art of War, a Chinese military treatise written during the 6th century BC, general Sun Tzu, a member of the landless Chinese aristocracy, wrote in Chapter XII:
Profiting by their panic, we shall exterminate them completely; this will cool the King's courage and cover us with glory, besides ensuring the success of our mission.


Prof. Paul Waley considers Tokyo one of the world's "capitals of cool."
Asian countries have developed a tradition on their own to explore types of modern 'cool' or 'ambiguous' aesthetics.
In a Time Asia article "The Birth of Cool" author Hannah Beech describes Asian cool as "a revolution in taste led by style gurus who are redefining Chinese craftsmanship in everything from architecture and film to clothing and cuisine" and as a modern aesthetic inspired both by a Ming-era minimalism and a strenuous attention to detail.[27]
Paul Waley, professor of Human Geography at the University of Leeds, considers Tokyo along with New York, London and Paris to be one of the world's "capitals of cool"[28] and the Washington Post called Tokyo "Japan's Empire of Cool" and Japan "the coolest nation on Earth".
Analysts are marveling at the breadth of a recent explosion in cultural exports, and many argue that the international embrace of Japan's pop culture, film, food, style and arts is second only to that of the United States. Business leaders and government officials are now referring to Japan's "gross national cool" as a new engine for economic growth and societal buoyancy.[29]
The term "gross national cool" was coined by Journalist Douglas McGray. In a June/July 2002 article in Foreign Policy magazine,[30] he argued that as Japan's economic juggernaut took a wrong turn into a ten-year slump, and with military power made impossible by a pacifist constitution, the nation had quietly emerged as a cultural powerhouse: "From pop music to consumer electronics, architecture to fashion, and food to art, Japan has far greater cultural influence now than it did in the 1980s, when it was an economic superpower."[31] The notion of Asian 'cool' applied to Asian consumer electronics is borrowed from the cultural media theorist Eric McLuhan who described 'cool' or 'cold' media as stimulating participants to complete auditive or visual media content, in sharp contrast to 'hot' media that degrades the viewer to a merely passive or non-interactive receiver.
Europe
Aristocratic and artistic cool


Mona Lisa, or La Gioconda (La Joconde), by Leonardo da Vinci expresses sprezzatura, an "aristocratic cool".[32]
"Aristocratic cool", known as sprezzatura, has existed in Europe for centuries, particularly when relating to frank amorality and love or illicit pleasures behind closed doors;[1] Raphael’s "Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione" and Leonardo da Vinci's "Mona Lisa" are classic examples of sprezzatura.[32] The sprezzatura of the Mona Lisa is seen in both her smile and the positioning of her hands. Both the smile and hands are intended to convey her grandeur, self-confidence and societal position.[33] Sprezzatura means, literally, disdain and detachment. It is the art of refraining from the appearance of trying to present oneself in a particular way. In reality, of course, tremendous exertion went into pretending not to bother or care.
English poet and playwright William Shakespeare used cool in several of his works to describe composure and absence of emotion.[1] In A Midsummer Night's Dream, written sometime in the late-16th century, he contrasts the shaping fantasies of lovers and madmen with "cool reason,"[34] in Hamlet he wrote "O gentle son, upon the heat and flame of thy distemper, sprinkle cool patience,"[35] and the antagonist Iago in Othello is musing about "reason to cool our raging motions, our carnal stings, our unbitted lusts."[1][36]
The cool "Anatolian smile" of Turkey is used to mask emotions. A similar "mask" of coolness is worn in both times of stress and pleasure in American and African communities.[1]
European inter-war cool
The key themes of modern European cool were forged by avant-garde artists who achieved prominence in the aftermath of the First World War, most notably Dadaists, such as key Dada figures Arthur Cravan and Marcel Duchamp, and the left-wing milieu of the Weimar Republic. The program of such groups was often self-consciously revolutionary, a determination to scandalize the bourgeoisie by mocking their culture, sexuality and political moderation.[1]
Berthold Brecht, both a committed Communist and a philandering cynic, stands as the archetype of this inter-war cool. Brecht projected his cool attitude to life onto his most famous character Macheath or "Mackie Messer" (Mack the knife), in The Threepenny Opera. Mackie, the nonchalant, smooth-talking gangster, expert with the switchblade, personifies the bitter-sweet strain of cool; Puritanism and sentimentality are both anathema to the cool character.[1]
During the turbulent inter-war years, cool was a privilege reserved for bohemian milieus like Brecht's. Cool irony and hedonism remained the province of cabaret artistes, ostentatious gangsters and rich socialites, those decadents depicted in Evelyn Waugh's Brideshead Revisited and Christopher Isherwood's Goodbye to Berlin, tracing the outlines of a new cool. Peter Stearns, professor of history at George Mason University, suggests that in effect the seeds of a cool outlook had been sown among this inter-war generation.[37]
Postwar cool
The Second World War brought the populations of Britain, Germany and France into intimate contact with Americans and American culture. The war brought hundreds of thousands of GIs whose relaxed, easy-going manner was seen by young people of the time as the very embodiment of liberation; and with them came Lucky Strikes, nylons, swing and jazzâ€"the American Cool.
To be cool or hip meant hanging out, pursuing sexual liaisons, displaying the appropriate attitude of narcissistic self-absorption, and expressing a desire to escape the mental straitjacket of all ideological causes. From the late 1940s onward, this popular culture influenced young people all over the world, to the great dismay of the paternalistic elites who still ruled the official culture. The French intelligentsia were outraged, while the British educated classes displayed a haughty indifference that smacked of an older aristocratic cool.[38]


The Polish cool

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"I don't think I was as bad, or as extreme in my power or my weakness, as I was depicted,"[126] but went on, "[H]owever the first lady fits in, she has a unique and important role to play in looking after her husband. And it's only natural that she'll let him know what she thinks. I always did that for Ronnie, and I always will."[127]
[edit]Breast cancer
In October 1987, a mammogram detected a lesion in Nancy Reagan's left breast and she was subsequently diagnosed with breast cancer. She chose to undergo a mastectomy rather than a lumpectomy[128] and the breast was removed on October 17, 1987. Ten days after the operation, her mother, Edith Luckett Davis, died in Phoenix, Arizona, leading Nancy to dub the period "a terrible month".[129]
After the surgery, more women across the country had mammograms, an example of the influence the First Lady possesses.[130]
[edit]Later life

Though Nancy was a controversial First Lady, 56 percent of Americans had a favorable opinion of her when her husband left office on January 20, 1989, with 18 percent having an unfavorable opinion and the balance not giving an opinion.[131] Compared to fellow First Ladies when their husbands left office, Reagan's approval was higher than those of Rosalynn Carter and Hillary Rodham Clinton, however she was less popular than Barbara Bush and her disapproval rating was double that of Carter's.[131]


Nancy Reagan's official White House portrait hangs in the Vermeil Room.
Upon leaving the White House, the couple returned to California, where they purchased a home in the wealthy East Gate Old Bel Air neighborhood of Bel Air, Los Angeles,[132][133] dividing their time between Bel Air and the Reagan Ranch in Santa Barbara, California; Ronald and Nancy regularly attended Bel Air Presbyterian Church as well.[134] After leaving Washington, Nancy made numerous public appearances, many on behalf of her husband. She continues to reside at the Bel Air home, where she lived with her husband until his death on June 5, 2004.[135]
[edit]Early post-White House activities
In late 1989, the former First Lady established the Nancy Reagan Foundation, which aimed to continue to educate people about the dangers of substance abuse.[136] The Foundation teamed with the BEST Foundation For A Drug-Free Tomorrow in 1994, and developed the Nancy Reagan Afterschool Program. She continued to travel around the nation, speaking out against drug and alcohol abuse. After President Reagan revealed that he had been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in 1994, she made herself his primary caregiver and became actively involved with the National Alzheimer's Association and its affiliate, the Ronald and Nancy Reagan Research Institute in Chicago, Illinois.[8]
“   Ronnie's long journey has finally taken him to a distant place where I can no longer reach him.[120]   â€�
â€"Nancy Reagan, May 2004
Also in 1989 she published My Turn: The Memoirs of Nancy Reagan, which gives an account of her life in the White House, speaking openly about her influence within the Reagan administration and discussing the myths and controversies that surrounded the couple.[137] In 1991, the controversial author Kitty Kelley wrote an unauthorized and largely uncited biography about Nancy Reagan, repeating accounts of a poor relationship with her children and introducing rumors of alleged sexual relations with singer Frank Sinatra. A wide range of sources commented that Kelley's largely unsupported claims are most likely false.[138][139][140][141]
In 1989 the Internal Revenue Service began investigating the Reagans for whether they owed additional tax on the gifts and loans of high-fashion clothes and jewelry to Nancy during their time in the White House[142] (recipients benefiting from the display of such items recognize taxable income even if they are returned).[142] In 1992 the IRS determined the Reagans had failed to include some $3 million worth of fashion items between 1983 and 1988 on their tax returns;[143] they were billed for a large amount of back taxes and interest, which was subsequently paid.[143]
Nancy Reagan was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian honor, by President George W. Bush on July 9, 2002.[144] President Reagan received his own Presidential Medal of Freedom in January 1993. Nancy and her husband were jointly awarded the Congressional Gold Medal on May 16, 2002 at the Capitol, and were only the third President and First Lady to receive it; she accepted the medal on behalf of both of them.[145]
[edit]Ronald Reagan's funeral
Further information: Death and state funeral of Ronald Reagan


Former First Lady Nancy Reagan says her last goodbye to President Ronald Reagan on June 11, 2004, prior to the interment and concluding a week-long state funeral for the president.
Ronald Reagan died in their Bel Air home on June 5, 2004.[135] During the seven-day state funeral, Nancy, accompanied by her children and military escort, led the nation in mourning[146] by keeping a strong composure,[147] traveling from her home to the Reagan Library for a memorial service, then to Washington, D.C., where her husband's body lay in state for 34 hours prior to a national funeral service in the Washington National Cathedral.[148] She returned to the library in California for a sunset memorial service and interment, where, overcome with emotion, she lost her composure, crying in public for the first time during the week.[147][149] After accepting the folded flag, she kissed the casket and mouthed "I love you" before leaving.[150] Journalist Wolf Blitzer said of Reagan during the week, "She's a very, very strong woman, even though she looks frail."[151]
She had directed the detailed planning of the funeral,[147] including ordering all the major events and asking former President George H. W. Bush as well as former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and former Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney to speak during the National Cathedral Service.[147] She paid very close attention to the details, something she had always done in her husband's life. Betsy Bloomingdale, one of Reagan's closest friends, stated, "She looks a little frail. But she is very strong inside. She is. She has the strength. She is doing her last thing for Ronnie. And she is going to get it right."[147] The funeral marked Reagan's first major public appearance since delivering a speech to the 1996 Republican National Convention on her husband's behalf.[147]
The funeral had a great impact on Reagan's public image. Following substantial criticism during her tenure as first lady, she was seen somewhat as a national heroine, praised by many for supporting and caring for her husband while he suffered from Alzheimer's disease.[120] U.S. News & World Report opined, "after a decade in the shadows, a different, softer Nancy Reagan emerged."[152]
[edit]Life after Ronald
Reagan has remained active in politics, particularly relating to stem cell research. Beginning in 2004, she favored what many consider to be the Democratic Party's position, and urged President George W. Bush to support federally funded embryonic stem cell research in the hope that this science could lead to a cure for Alzheimer's disease.[153] Although she failed to change the president's position, she did support his campaign for a second term.[154]
In 2005, Reagan was honored at a gala dinner at the Ronald Reagan Building in Washington, D.C. where guests included Dick Cheney, Harry Reid and Condoleezza Rice.[155] It was her first major public appearance since the funeral. Asked what her future plans were, Reagan shook her head and responded, "I don't know. I'll know when I'll know. But the [Reagan] library is Ronnie, so that's where I spend my time."[155]


Nancy Reagan dedicates the Air Force One Pavilion at the Reagan Library with President and Laura Bush, October 2005
In 2007, she attended the national funeral service for Gerald Ford in the Washington National Cathedral. Nancy Reagan hosted two 2008 Republican Presidential Candidates Debates at the Reagan Presidential Library, the first in May 2007 and the second in January 2008. While she did not participate in the discussions, she sat in the front row and listened as the men vying to become the nation's 44th president claimed to be a rightful successor to her husband.[156][157][158] Though some speculation arose as to whether Reagan might support New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg in a presidential bid,[159][160] nothing came of it. She formally endorsed Senator John McCain, then the presumptive Republican party nominee, for president on March 25.[161]


Nancy Reagan, center, receives an honorary degree from Eureka College, March 31, 2009


Nancy Reagan and one of her successors, Michelle Obama, at a luncheon, June 3, 2009
She attended the funeral of Lady Bird Johnson in Austin, Texas on July 14, 2007[162] and three days later accepted the highest Polish distinction, the Order of the White Eagle, on behalf of Ronald Reagan at the Reagan Library. The Reagan Library opened the temporary exhibit "Nancy Reagan: A First Lady's Style", which displayed over eighty designer dresses belonging to the first lady.[163][164]
Nancy Reagan's health and wellbeing became a prominent concern in 2008. In February she suffered a fall at her Bel Air home and was taken to St. John's Health Center in Santa Monica, California. Doctors reported that she did not break a hip as feared and she was released from the hospital two days later.[165] News commentators noted that Reagan's step had slowed significantly, as the following month she walked in very slow strides with John McCain.[166] NBC's Brian Williams, who attended a dinner with Reagan in mid-2008, recalled, "Mrs. Reagan's vision isn't what it always was so she was taking very halting steps as a lot of folks her age do... [I]t is so important for folks in her age bracket and in her bracket of life to remain upright and captain of their own ship. She very much is captain of her own ship."[166] As for her mental ability, Williams remarked, "She's as sharp as ever and enjoys a robust life with her friends in California, but [falling] is always a danger of course. She's a very stoic, hardy person full of joy and excitement for life... She is not without opinions on politics and political types these days... She is, as most of her friends described her, a pistol."[166]
In October 2008, Reagan was admitted to Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center after falling at home. Doctors determined that the 87-year-old had fractured her pelvis and sacrum and could recuperate at home with a regimen of physical therapy.[167] As a result of her mishap, medical articles were published containing information on how to prevent falls.[168][169] In January 2009, Reagan was said to be "improving every day and starting to get out more and more."[170]
In March 2009 she praised President Barack Obama for reversing the ban on federally funded embryonic stem cell research.[171] She traveled to Washington, D.C. in June 2009 to unveil a statue of her late husband in the Capitol Rotunda.[172] She was also on hand as President Obama signed the Ronald Reagan Centennial Commission Act and lunched privately with Michelle Obama.[173] Nancy revealed in an interview with Vanity Fair that Michelle Obama had telephoned her for advice on living and entertaining in the White House.[174] Following the August 2009 death of Senator Edward M. Kennedy, she said she was "terribly saddened ... Given our political differences, people are sometimes surprised how close Ronnie and I have been to the Kennedy family. ... I will miss him."[175]
[edit]Filmography

The Doctor and the Girl (1949)
East Side, West Side (1949)
Shadow on the Wall (1950)
The Next Voice You Hear... (1950)
Night Into Morning (1951)
It's a Big Country (1951)
Talk About a Stranger (1952)
Shadow in the Sky (1952)
Donovan's Brain (1953)
The Dark Wave (1956)
Hellcats of the Navy (1957)[23]
Crash Landing (originally announced as Rescue at Sea) (1958)[176][177]
She also made a number of television appearances from 1953 through 1962, as a guest star in dramatic shows or installments of anthology series.[34] Her first appearance with Ronald Reagan came in one of the latter, Ford Theatre, during a 1953 episode titled "First Born".
[edit]Footnotes

^ a b Edith Luckett at Internet Movie Database
^ a b Edith Luckett at Internet Broadway Database
^ a b c d e "Nancy Reagan > Her Life & Times". Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation. Archived from the original on October 24, 2006. Retrieved 2007-09-22.
^ When Nancy Davis signed with MGM, she gave her birth date as July 6, 1923, shaving two years off her age, a common practice in Hollywood (see Cannon, Governor Reagan, p. 75). This caused subsequent confusion as some sources would continue to use the incorrect birth year.
^ Powling, Anne; John O'Connor, Geoff Barton (1997). New Oxford English. Oxford University Press. p. 79. ISBN 0-19-831192-3.
^ Some sources and websites erroneously list her as either being born in Flushing or being raised in Manhattan.
^ Reagan, Nancy (1989), p. 66
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "First Lady Biography: Nancy Reagan". National First Ladies Library. Retrieved 2007-06-02.
^ Wills (1987), p. 182
^ Gonzalez, David (1991-04-12). "Talk and More Talk About Nancy (That One!) in Flushing". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-10-29.
^ a b Reagan, Nancy (1989), p. 67
^ "The 'just say no' first lady". MSNBC. February 18, 2004. Retrieved 2007-10-16.
^ Reagan, Nancy (1989), p. 71
^ a b c d e f Weymouth, Lally (1980-10-26). "The Biggest Role of Nancy's Life" (fee required). The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved 2007-10-20.
^ Reagan, Nancy (1989), p. 74
^ Reagan, Nancy (1989), p. 82
^ "Lute Song". Internet Broadway Database. Retrieved 2007-10-18.
^ Reagan, Nancy (1989), p. 85
^ Reagan, Nancy (1989), p. 88
^ a b Metzger, Robert Paul (1989), pp. 31â€"32
^ "Biography for Nancy Davis". Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-17.
^ a b c d Cannon, Lou (2003), pp. 75â€"76
^ a b c "Nancy Reagan > Her Films". Ronald Reagan Foundation. Archived from the original on August 12, 2007. Retrieved 2007-03-08.
^ A. H. Weiler (credited as "A. W.") (1950-05-19). "Another View of Psychiatrist's Task". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-10-18.
^ Bosley Crowther (1950-06-30). "'The Next Voice You Hear ...', Dore Schary Production, Opens at Music Hall". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-10-18.
^ Reagan, Nancy (1989), p. 91
^ Bosley Crowther (1951-06-11). "'Night Into Morning,' Starring Ray Milland as a Bereaved Professor, at Loew's State". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-10-18.
^ Richard L. Coe (1951-06-09). "'Night Into Morning' Is Almost Excellent" (Registration required). The Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-02-09.
^ a b c Metzger, Robert Paul (1989), p. 33
^ Wills (1987), p. 184.
^ Bosley Crowther (1954-01-21). "' Donovan's Brain,' Science-Fiction Thriller, Has Premiere at the Criterion Theatre". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-10-20.
^ Erickson, Glenn (2003). "Hellcats of the Navy, review one". Kleinman.com Inc. Retrieved 2007-10-17.
^ Harper, Erick (2003). "Hellcats Of The Navy, review two". DVDVerdict. Retrieved 2007-10-17.
^ a b "Nancy Davis". The Internet Movie Database. Retrieved September 19, 2011.
^ "Screen Actors Guild Presidents". Screen Actors Guild. Retrieved 2007-03-08.
^ a b Lambert, Pat (1997-01-27). "To The Top". People. Retrieved 2012-01-27.
^ a b c d e Cannon, Lou (2003), pp. 77â€"78
^ "Noteworthy places in Reagan's life". The Baltimore Sun. 2004-06-05. Retrieved 2007-04-11.
^ "First Ladies: Nancy Reagan". The White House. Retrieved 2007-03-08.
^ Beschloss, Michael (2007), p. 296
^ a b c d "End of a Love Story". BBC News. June 5, 2004. Retrieved 2007-03-21.
^ a b Berry, Deborah Barfield (June 6, 2004). "By Reagan's Side, but her own person". Newsday. Retrieved 2007-08-15.
^ a b c Beschloss, Michael (2007), p. 284
^ "Reagan Love Story". NBC News. June 9, 2004. Retrieved 2007-05-25.
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^ "Final Edited Transcript: Interview with Max Friedersdorf" (PDF). Miller Center of Public Affairs. October 24â€"25, 2002. p. 60. Retrieved 2007-10-20. "Mrs. Reagan was all upset, of course. He said that Senator [Strom] Thurmond had come over to the hospital and had talked his way in, past the lobby, up to the President's roomâ€"he's in intensive care, tubes coming out of his nose and his throat, tubes in his arms and everythingâ€"and said that Strom Thurmond had talked his way past the secret service into his room and Mrs. Reagan was outraged, distraught. She couldn't believe her eyes. He said, 'You know, those guys are crazy. They come over here trying to get a picture in front of the hospital and trying to talk to the President when he may be on his deathbed."
^ Burns, Lisa (2008), pp. 130, 138â€"139
^ Reagan, Nancy (1989), p. 21
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^ a b c Burns, Lisa (2008), pp. 139â€"140
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^ Crowley, Michael (September 15, 2004). "Kitty Kelley: Colonoscopist to the Stars". Slate. Retrieved 2009-06-13.
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[edit]References

Anthony, Carl Sferrazza (2003). America's Most Influential First Ladies. The Oliver Press. ISBN 1-881508-69-2.
Anthony, Carl Sferrazza (1991). First Ladies: The Saga of the Presidents' Wives and Their Power; 1961â€"1990 (Volume II). New York: William Morrow and Co.
Benze, James G., Jr. (2005). Nancy Reagan: On the White House Stage. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-1401-X.
Beschloss, Michael (2007). Presidential Courage: Brave Leaders and How They Changed America. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-85705-7.
Burns, Lisa M. (2008). First Ladies and the Fourth Estate: Press Framing of Presidential Wives. DeKalb, Illinois: Northern Illinois University Press. ISBN 978-0-87580-391-3.
Cannon, Lou (2003). Governor Reagan: His Rise to Power. Public Affairs. ISBN 1-58648-030-8.
Cook, Lynn; Janet LaDue (2007). The First Ladies of California. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 1-4257-2965-7.
Deaver, Michael K. (2004). Nancy: A Portrait of My Years with Nancy Reagan. New York: William Morrow. ISBN 0-06-078095-9.
Klapthor, Margaret Brown (1999). Official White House China: 1789 to the Present. Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 0-8109-3993-2.
Loizeau, Pierre-Marie (2004). Nancy Reagan: The Woman Behind the Man. Nova Publishers. ISBN 1-59033-759-X.
Metzger, Robert Paul (1989). Reagan, American Icon. Bucknell University, Center Gallery. ISBN 0-916279-05-7.
Reagan, Nancy (2002). I Love You, Ronnie: The Letters of Ronald Reagan to Nancy Reagan. United States: Random House. ISBN 0-375-76051-2.
Reagan, Nancy; William Novak (1989). My Turn: The Memoirs of Nancy Reagan. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-394-56368-9.
Reagan, Nancy (1980). Nancy: The Autobiography of America's First Lady. United States: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-688-03533-4.
Reagan, Nancy (1982). To Love a Child. United States: Bobbs-Merrill. ISBN 0-672-52711-1.
Schifando, Peter; J. Jonathan Joseph (2007). Entertaining at the White House with Nancy Reagan. New York: William Morrow. ISBN 978-0-06-135012-2.
Wills, Garry (1987). Reagan's America: Innocents at Home. Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-18286-4.
[edit]External links

   Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Nancy Reagan
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First Lady profile at WhiteHouse.gov
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Nancy Davis at the Internet Movie Database
Nancy Davis at the Internet Broadway Database
Nancy Reagan collected news and commentary at The New York Times
Works by or about Nancy Reagan in libraries (WorldCat catalog)

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Categories: Nancy Reagan1921 birthsActors from Chicago, IllinoisAdoptees adopted by relationsAmerican adopteesAmerican film actorsAmerican PresbyteriansAmerican socialitesBolling family of VirginiaBreast cancer survivorsCalifornia RepublicansCongressional Gold Medal recipientsFirst Ladies and Gentlemen of CaliforniaFirst Ladies of the United StatesLatin School of Chicago alumniLiving peoplePeople from Bethesda, MarylandPeople from QueensPresidential Medal of Freedom recipientsReagan familySmith College alumni

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